/references/sperm_epidemic

Sperm epidemic (and infertility) references

• “Global Fertility in 204 Countries and Territories, 1950–2021, with Forecasts to 2100: A Comprehensive Demographic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.” 2024. Lancet 403 (10440): 2057–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00550-6.
• Agarwal, Ashok, Aditi Mulgund, Alaa Hamada, and Michelle Renee Chyatte. 2015. “A Unique View on Male Infertility around the Globe.” Reproductive Biology & Endocrinology 13 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1.
• Amereh, Fatemeh, Mohammad Babaei, Akbar Eslami, Simin Fazelipour, and Mohammad Rafiee. 2020. “The Emerging Risk of Exposure to Nano(Micro)Plastics on Endocrine Disturbance and Reproductive Toxicity: From a Hypothetical Scenario to a Global Public Health Challenge.” Environmental Pollution 261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114158.
• Carlsen, E., A. Giwercman, N. Keiding, and N. E Skakkebaek. 1992. “Evidence for Decreasing Quality of Semen during Past 50 Years.” In BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), vol. 305. no. 6854. British Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6854.609.
• Cooper, Trevor G., Elizabeth Noonan, Sigrid von Eckardstein, et al. 2010. “World Health Organization Reference Values for Human Semen Characteristics.” In Human Reproduction Update, vol. 16. no. 3. Published for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology by Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmp048.
• Jørgensen, Niels, Dolores J. Lamb, Hagai Levine, et al. 2021. “Are Worldwide Sperm Counts Declining?” Fertility & Sterility 116 (6): 1457–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.10.020.
• Kaltsas, Aris, Stamatis Papaharitou, Fotios Dimitriadis, Michael Chrisofos, and Nikolaos Sofikitis. 2026. “Psychological Stress and Male Infertility: Oxidative Stress as the Common Downstream Pathway.” In Biomedicines, vol. 14. no. 2. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14020259.
• Levine, R. J., M. H. Brown, M. Bell, F. Shue, G. N. Greenberg, and B. L. Bordson. 1992. “Air-Conditioned Environments Do Not Prevent Deterioration of Human Semen Quality during the Summer.” In Fertility and Sterility, vol. 57. no. 5. Elsevier for the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55027-4.
• Levine, Hagai, Niels Jørgensen, Anderson Martino-Andrade, et al. 2023. “Temporal Trends in Sperm Count: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Samples Collected Globally in the 20th and 21st Centuries.” In Human Reproduction Update, vol. 29. no. 2. Published for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology by Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmac035.
• Lewis, Kieran, Rossella Cannarella, Fangzhou Liu, et al. 2025. “Sperm Concentration Remains Stable among Fertile American Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” In Fertility and Sterility, vol. 123. no. 1. Elsevier for the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.08.322.
• Longman, Daniel P., and Colin N. Shaw. 2026. “Homo Sapiens, Industrialisation and the Environmental Mismatch Hypothesis.” In Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 101. no. 2. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.70094.
• Osadchuk, Ludmila, Maxim Kleshchev, and Alexander Osadchuk. 2023. “Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Semen Quality, Reproductive Hormone Levels, Metabolic Profile, Zinc and Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Men: Results from a Population-Based Study.” In Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 14. Frontiers Research Foundation]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1255304.